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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing?
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Illusion - Is Seeing Really Believing (1998)(Marshall Media)[Mac-PC].iso
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ILLUSION
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00356_Text_rem02t.txt
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1996-12-31
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How does the brain "know"
whether or not the eyes are
moving and, if they are, in
what direction and at what
speed? Given what is
understood about how the brain
gains information about
movement of other parts of the
body, we might suppose that
such information derives from
sensory feedback. For example,
physiologists believe that,
when the arm bends, receptor
cells in the elbow joint signal
the change. Such
proprioceptive information has
long been held to come from the
activity of muscles as well as
joints. Receptor cells in the eye
muscles were thus assumed to
be the source of similar
information about eye
movement.
It is unlikely, however, that
the information that tells us
about eye movement derives
from sensory feedback.
Consider two countercases.
First, there are circumstances
in which the eyes remain
perfectly stillΓÇöΓÇôand thus there
is no proprioceptive feedback
that they are movingΓÇöΓÇôbut
nonetheless the eyes are
interpreted as moving. If the
eye muscles are paralyzed or are
otherwise prevented from
moving, the observer may still
attempt to look at an object in
the periphery. Each time this
happens, the entire visual field
appears to move rapidly in the
direction of the intended eye
movement. Helmholtz and
subsequent investigators
inferred from this result that
the perceptual system treats
the intention or command to
move the eyes as equivalent to
actual eye movement.
Ordinarily the command would
be followed immediately by eye
movement. Thus the image
displacement of a stationary
thing would not be improperly
interpreted as signifying that
the object was in motion. But if
the eyes cannot move, the
command is still recorded, and
the eyes are interpreted as
moving. Consequently, the
stationary image is incorrectly
interpreted as signifying that
the object is in motion.